Huyu ndiye dada aliyefunika ufaulu Chuo Kikuu Dar

Ni binti,apiga A=32,B+=6 katika masomo 38, Amesoma shule za kawaida za serikali

 Mhitimu bora wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam mwaka 2014, Doreen Kabuche (22), aliushangaza umma uliohudhuria maafali ya 44 ya chuo hicho baada ya kutangazwa kuwa kinara kwa ufaulu kwa kupata alama A 32 na B+ sita kati ya masomo 38 ya shahada ya Takwimu Bima (Actuarial Science).

Kwa alama hizo, Doreen alipata wastani wa alama za ufaulu (GPA) 4.8 na kuacha alama ya 0.2 ili kufikia kiwango cha juu kabisa cha ufaulu cha alama tano, hivyo kupata shahada ya kwanza daraja la kwanza.

Akizungumza na NIPASHE katika mahojiano maalum mwishoni mwa wiki, Doreen anayeishi Kigogo Mwisho, jijini Dar es Salaam alihitimu shahada hiyo akiwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi 28 wa darasa lake, lakini akihitimu sambamba na wanafunzi wengine 5,745, wanawake wakiwa ni 2,298 wa shahada ya kwanza.

Shahada hiyo inayotolewa katika Shule ya Sayansi ya Asili (CoNaS) chuoni hapo, ni miongoni mwa taaluma adimu nchini. Ilianza kufundishwa chuoni hapo mwaka 2011.
Miongoni mwa taasisi ambazo zitafurahia taaluma hiyo kuanza kupata wataalam nchini ni pamoja na mifuko ya hifadhi ya jamii ambayo hulipa fedha nyingi kupata huduma hiyo kwa wataalam kutoka nje ya nchi na kwa gharama kubwa.

Alipopewa nafasi ya kuzungumza mbele ya mamia ya wanafunzi wenzake na wageni waalikwa kwenye ukumbi wa Mlimani City, aliishia kutoa shukrani kwa wahadhiri, wanafunzi wenzake na wote waliomsaidia katika mafanikio yake kitaaluma.

Ili kupata wastani wa ufaulu wa daraja la kwanza kwa kiwango cha GPA ya 4.8, mhitimu hulazimika kufaulu kwa kiwango cha juu kwa miaka yote ya kuwa chuoni. Doreen alifanikiwa kutimiza sharti hilo baada ya kufaulu masomo 32 kwa kiwango cha ‘A’ na masomo mengine sita kufaulu kwa alama za B+ kati ya masomo yote 38 ya shahada yake; baadhi ya yale yaliyomkwamisha kupata A yakiwa ni ‘Actuarial Mathematics’ na ‘Legal Matters in Actuarial Industry’.

Mgawanyo wa ufaulu wake kwa mwaka wa kwanza ulikuwa ni A za masomo 12 na B+ za masomo mawili kati ya masomo 14; mwaka wa pili alifaulu kwa kupata A katika masomo 10 na B+ mbili kati ya masomo 12 na mwaka wa tatu alifaulu pia kwa kiwango cha alama A katika masomo 10 na masomo mengine mawili akapata B+ kati ya masomo 12.

ALIKOTOKA
Tofauti na fikra za wengi kuwa siku hizi wanafunzi bora hutoka katika shule zinazotoza ada kubwa na kutumia Kiingereza kama lugha kuu ya mawasiliano, maarufu kama English medium’, Doreen anathibitisha kuwa hilo halina ukweli.

Katika mahojiano na NIPASHE, alisema kuwa hajawahi kusoma katika shule hizo zinazotoza ada kubwa za mamilioni ya fedha na badala yake, alipitia katika shule za serikali kuanzia shule ya msingi mwaka 2004 hadi kidato cha sita mwaka 2011.

“Shule nilizosoma kabla ya chuo kikuu ni Mlimani (Shule ya Msingi) iliyopo Chuo Kikuu Dar es Salaam sehemu ya Mlimani, kidato cha kwanza hadi cha nne nilimaliza katika sekondari ya Forodhani na kidato cha tano na sita katika shule ya sekondari Benjamin Mkapa. Kote huko usafiri wangu siku zote ni wa daladala.

“Na kama unavyojua, ni kugombana na makondakta kila asubuhi wakati wa kupanda mabasi (daladala) kwenda shule na jioni wakati wa kurudi. Ila yote hayo tumeyazoea na hivyo adha za usafiri hazikuwa tatizo kubwa,” alisema Doreen na kuongeza:

“Juhudi, kujiamini na kuzingatia maelekezo ya walimu ni muhimu. Aina ya shule ni nyongeza tu kwa sababu siyo wote wanaosoma shule hizo za kitajiri wamekuwa wakifaulu. Wapo wanaofanya vizuri, na wapo wanaofeli pia... ni kama ilivyo kwenye hizi shule zetu (shule za serikali).”

KINARA KIDATO CHA SITA
Mafanikio ya sasa ya Doreen hayakuja kwa bahati mbaya. Historia yake inaonyesha kuwa kila hatua aliyopita alikuwa akifanya vizuri. Katika matokeo yake ya kidato cha nne mwaka 2008, Doreen alifaulu kwa kiwango cha daraja la kwanza akipata pointi tisa na kuchaguliwa kuendelea kidato cha tano katika Shule ya Sekondari Benjamin William Mkapa baada ya kuchagua mchepuo wa Uchumi, Hisabati na Jiografia (EGM).

Doreen aliendeleza makali yake katika mitihani yake ya kidato cha sita baada ya kufaulu kwa kiwango cha daraja la kwanza kwa pointi nne na kuwa kinara wa mchepuo wa EGM Tanzania.

Kwa matokeo hayo, akapata nafasi ya kuwa miongoni mwa wanafunzi bora Tanzania walioitwa bungeni mwaka 2011 na kutambulishwa na Waziri Mkuu, Mizengo Pinda, mbele ya wabunge wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania na kushangiliwa na wote waliokuwamo ukumbini.

“Hapo shauku yangu ya kutaka kuongeza juhudi zaidi na kufanikiwa kama akina Migiro (Asha-Rose), akina Tibaijuka (Profesa Anna) na akina Spika Anne Makinda ikaongezeka. Nikapania kufanya vizuri hadi chuoni na sasa namshukuru Mungu kuwa hatua hiyo pia nimeivuka salama na kufanikiwa,” alisema Doreen.

Pamoja na mafanikio yake kuanzia kidato cha kwanza hadi cha sita, Doreen alisema kuwa hajawahi kujihusisha sana na masomo ya ziada maarufu kwa jina la tuition na badala yake, alitumia muda mwingi kujisomea, kujadiliana na wanafunzi wenzake na mara kadhaa kusaidiwa masomo nyumbani na mjomba wake Charles Mayalla wa Taasisi ya Teknolojia Dar es Salaam (DIT).

Doreen alitangazwa kuongoza kwa ufaulu Chuo Kikuu Dar es Salaam ikiwa ni siku chache tu baada ya msichana mwingine aitwaye Rachel Kiunsi wa Shule ya Msingi Kimara 'B' jijini Dar es Salaam kuwa kinara wa somo la Hisabati Tanzania baada ya kupata alama zote za somo hilo katika mithani ya taifa ya darasa la saba.

MATARAJIO
Baada ya kumaliza shahada ya kwanza, matarajio ya sasa ya Doreen ni kuendelea na masomo ya shahada ya uzamili (masters) ambayo hata hivyo, anasema mchakato wake (kwa masomo ya Actuarial Science) ni ghali kwani kabla ya kujiunga anatakiwa kufanya mitihani kadhaa kabla ya kuanza shahada hiyo.

“Gharama za mithani hii ni kubwa. Kuna mitihani ya hatua nyingi hadi kupata nafasi ya kuanza kusomea masters na gharama zake kwa ujumla hufikia hadi Sh. milioni 10. Hizi ni gharama kubwa. Ila kwa sasa sijakaa bure.

Wazazi wangu bado wananiunga mkono na mwenyewe pia nimejifunza kuwa mpambanaji tangu wakati nikigombana na makonda ili kupanda daladala na kuwahi shule,” alisema Doreen.

“Na hata sasa nimeshaanza mapambano ili kujiendeleza zaidi. Nimepata kazi na fedha ninazopata nitaendelea kuzidunduliza kila mwezi ili nitimize ndoto zangu. Hata kama nitalazimika kusubiri kwa mwaka na zaidi, nitasubiri na mwishowe naamini kuwa Mungu ataniwezesha na kufanikisha malengo,” alisema Doreen.

“Najua hata hawa kina (Prof.) Tibaijuka, Migiro na wengine hawakufika walipo sasa kirahisi. Walipambana, na mimi pia ninapambana ili siku moja kufikia level zao,” alisema Doreen.

WAZAZI, FAMILIA
Akiwaelezea wazazi wake, Doreen alisema kuwa baba yake (Kabuche) aliwahi kuwa mfanyakazi wa benki kabla ya kuacha na kuwa mjasiriamali ambaye hivi sasa yuko Mtwara. Mama yake aitwaye Janeth Kabuche pia ni mjasiriamali.

Doreen alisema anawashukuru sana wazazi wake kwani mara zote wamekuwa wakimsaidia kwa kila hali ili kutimiza malengo yake katika elimu.  Alisimulia kuwa hata alipotia fora kwa kutwaa zawadi za masomo yote wakati wa mahafali ya kidato cha sita shuleni kwao Benjamin Mkapa mwaka 2011, wazazi wake walimtia moyo kwa kumnunulia kompyuta mpakato (laptop) aina ya Dell.

“Kwetu nimezaliwa peke yangu. Nikishatulia na kuanza maisha yangu binafsi baada ya kumaliza mambo ya masomo nitapenda kuwa na watoto wengi ili kuongeza ukubwa wa familia... walau wafikie watoto saba hivi.”

DINI, MUZIKI, FILAMU
Licha ya kufanya vizuri katika masomo, Doreen huwa haachi kujihusisha na masuala mengine ya kijamii.

“Kila Jumapili huwa sikosi kwenda kwenye ibada katika kanisa letu la Kigogo Luhanga. Vilevile mimi ni mpenzi wa muziki kama wa bendi ya Wazee wa Ngwasuma (FM Academia), bongofleva na filamu pia huwa ninazitama... (filamu) ninayoipenda inaitwa Think Like a Man, Act Like a Woman,” alisema Doreen.

RATIBA AKIWA CHUONI
Doreen alisema kuwa wakati wote akiwa chuoni alizingatia ratiba kuu aliyojiwekea kila uchao, ambayo ni kwenda darasani bila kukosa kipindi chochote na baada ya hapo alikuwa hakosi majadiliano na wanafunzi wenzake kama Catherine John na Shamim Nuah.

“Sikuwahi ku-dodge (kukacha) kipindi, sikuwahi pia kukosa discussion na wenzangu bila sababu ya maana. Na siku moja moja za mwisho wa wiki tulikuwa tukienda ku-refresh mind na wenzangu, hasa maeneo ya viwanja vya Sinza na siku nyingine Mlimani City. Ila kila Jumapili ni lazima kwenda kanisani pale chuo au kanisa la nyumbani kwetu Kigogo Luhanga,” alisema Doreen.

Doreen ana ndoto za akufuata nyayo za kina  Prof. Anna Tibaijuka, Dk. Asha-Rose Migiro na Anne Makinda kwa kuwa ni miongoni mwa wanawake waliofanikiwa katika medani za taaluma, uongozi na siasa.

Matokeo ya darasa la saba

 Matokeo ya darasa la saba

 bonyeza link hapo chini kuangalia..

Matokeo ya darasa la saba yatoka Mwanza yafanya vizuri

Matokeo ya UEFA

Welbeck  apiga hat-trick kaiweka pahali pazuri  Arsenal  

    Arsenal waipiga kichapo kibaya Galatasaray 4-1Danny Welbeck alifunga ya kwanza ya kikazi hat-trick yake kama 10-mtu Arsenal alipuuzilia mbali Galatasaray katika Ligi ya Mabingwa.

Mshambuliaji wa England, bora katika, stabbed katika nusu ya kwanza kopo kabla ya upande-cheo pili.
vyombo vya habari Play
Vyombo vya habari mchezaji Rukia
Vyombo vya habari mchezaji msaada
Kati ya vyombo vya habari mchezaji. Waandishi wa habari kuingia kurudi au tab kuendelea.

'Electric' Welbeck amtakaye Wenger

Alexis Sanchez kisha curled nyumbani kabla ya Welbeck clipped katika tatu yake.

Burak Yilmaz alifunga penalti baada ya Arsenal Wojciech Szczesny kipa alitolewa kwa mchafu, lakini ilikuwa ni kitu zaidi kuliko faraja.

Kushinda mara ya kwanza katika Arsenal Ligi ya Mabingwa mwaka huu na ina maana kuwa pointi tatu kutoka mbili Group D michezo.

Pia ilikuwa ni njia kamili kwa ajili ya meneja Arsene Wenger na alama ya miaka 18 kwa siku tangu aliteuliwa Arsenal bosi, na Mfaransa hakika anastahili mikopo kwa ajili ya kumtaja upande mashambulizi-nia.

Pamoja na Welbeck kucheza katika Maria jukumu lake kuu na wa zamani Manchester United mshambuliaji ably mkono na kasi na ubunifu wa Sanchez, Mesut Ozil na Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, Gunners tu alikuwa sana kwa upande Galatasaray ambao sasa ameshindwa katika 10 ziara ya pande Kiingereza.

Matokeo mengine ya UEFA Champions League

  UEFA Champions League

Match score	Match link
Atl Madrid 1 - 0 Juventus Result	Report
Malmö FF 2 - 0 Olympiakos Result	Report
FC Basel 1 - 0 Liverpool Result	Report
Ludo Razgd 1 - 2 Real Madrid Result	Report
Zenit St P 0 - 0 Monaco Result	Report
Bayer Levkn 3 - 1 Benfica Result	Report
Arsenal 4 - 1 Galatasaray Result	Report
Anderlecht 0 - 3 Bor Dortmd Result

View all Champions League fixtures | View all Champions League results
View all Football fixtures | View all Football results

  uefa ranking

		Clubs		Pts
1		Real Madrid	ESP	145.828
2		Barcelona	ESP	133.828
3		Bayern	GER	130.483
4		Chelsea	ENG	124.164
5		Benfica	POR	113.109
6		Man. United	ENG	101.164
7		Atlético	ESP	99.828
8		Schalke	GER	97.483
9		Valencia	ESP	96.828
10		Arsenal	ENG	92.164

Last updated: 19/09/2014 08:31 CET

Full standings

  

 

 

Orodha ya majina ya waliochaguliwa kujiunga na vyuo vikuu

Bofya jina la chuo kupakua faili lenye orodha ya majina ya waliochaguliwa

Bofya jina la chuo kupakua faili lenye orodha ya majina ya waliochaguliwa

1. BUGANDO BScN_2014.pdf (82.4 KB)
2. BUGANDO MD.pdf (106.2 KB)
3. BUGANDO MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES.pdf (79.7 KB)
4. BUGANDO PHARMACY.pdf (80.0 KB)
5. BUGANDO NURSING.pdf (76.0 KB)
6. IFM BACHELOR DEGREE 2014
7. MAKUMIRA PROPOSED STUDENTS 2014/2015
8. MUM Undergraduate Selection - Direct.pdf (561.3 KB)
9. MUM Undergraduate Selection - Equivalent.pdf (202.0 KB)
10. SAUT Selected Students.pdf (307.3 KB)
11. ST. AUGUSTINE 2014
12. ST Franscis MD Batch one (52.3 KB)
13. ST Franscis MD Batch two (37.2 KB)
14. ST Franscis MD Batch Three (49.5 KB)
15. Stella Maris Mtwara.pdf (283.1 KB)
16. UDSM 2014/2015 
17. Mwenge Catholic University

Man utd amepigwa na Leicester 5-3

 Louis van Gaal anasema Manchester United akatupa mbali kushinda katika Leicester.
Manchester United meneja Louis van Gaal alisema timu yake akatupa mbali ushindi kama Leicester akarudi kutoka nakisi ya mbili lengo kupata ajabu kushinda 5-3.

 

United walikuwa 3-1 mbele na dakika 30 iliyobaki kabla ya utata David Nugent adhabu umesababisha comeback.

Van Gaal alisema: "Ni si nzuri kwa sababu tulikuwa na mchezo katika mfuko wetu na akampa mbali Si kwa sababu ya Leicester, sisi alitoa mbali na mimi si kama hiyo..

"Tuna wachezaji wengi ambao wanataka kutafuta kwa lengo hilo."

Dutchman alikataa kukosoa mwamuzi Mark Clattenburg kwa si ​​kutoa adhabu kwa Jamie Vardy kwa majahazi juu ya Rafael tu nje wakati sanduku kabla ya beki wa Brazil amekubali adhabu ambayo Nugent kubadilishwa.

"Ili hukumu ya kwanza daima ni mwamuzi [ambao wewe majadiliano juu ya] lakini huna kufanya hivyo kama mchezaji," aliongeza 63 mwenye umri wa miaka.

"Unajua wewe ni katika eneo la penalti na kumruhusu mwamuzi kwa filimbi kama wewe kufanya ni changamoto. Sijui kama ni adhabu lakini sisi kuwa na kuangalia wenyewe kwa sababu sisi alifanya makosa makubwa kama timu."

Ndani ya dakika mbili za Leicester bao Esteban Cambiasso yao ya pili alikuwa aliisawazishia majeshi na, katika dakika ya mwisho 10, Jamie Vardy kuweka Mbweha mbele kabla ya adhabu Leonardo ULLOA alifanya na uhakika wa ushindi.

"Sisi hawakuridhika na milki ya mpira katika njia ya haki," alisema Van Gaal. "Leicester tayari ilionyesha dhidi ya Arsenal na Stoke kwamba wanaweza kuja nyuma na walifanya hivyo vizuri sana.

"Leicester alikuwa shots tano juu ya lengo, na kwamba alikuwa ni. Malengo haya tano walikuwa zilizopo kwa sababu sisi alifanya makosa katika milki ya mpira.

"Sisi umba mengi ya nafasi na alifanya malengo superb lakini una kufanya kwamba zaidi ya dakika 90, dakika 60 si. Ilikuwa si ​​ya kutosha. Una kuua mchezo na sisi hakufanya hivyo."



Kocha wa zamani wa Barcelona na Bayern Munich alikataa lawama utetezi wake kwa kushindwa na badala yake kuweka wajibu juu ya timu.

"Huwezi kusema ulinzi alikuwa dhaifu," alisema. "Wewe kucheza kama timu, Leicester ilionyesha kuwa. Sisi hakuwa na kucheza kama timu katika nusu ya pili na kwamba si tu ulinzi. Katika hali ya kujihami timu nzima ni wajibu, si tu beki moja."

Lakini Van Gaal haja ya haraka kushughulikia masuala ya kujihami timu yake kwa Premier League Jumamosi ijayo ya mechi dhidi ya West Ham kama yeye ni uwezekano wa kuwa na bila kusimamishwa Tyler Blackett na kujeruhiwa Jonny Evans.

Blackett alitolewa kwa mchafu juu ya Vardy, ambayo imesababisha ULLOA wa marehemu doa-kick, na itakuwa suspended juu ya Jumamosi, wakati Van Gaal lazima wakisubiri matokeo ya Scan juu ya Evans baada ya kituo cha-nyuma alilazimika kutoka uwanja katika dakika 30 na kushoto uwanja magongo.

"Mimi sijui jinsi mbaya ni," alisema Van Gaal ya kuumia Evans ya. "Sisi kuona kesho [Jumatatu], yeye pengine Scan."

DATA ENCAPSULATION & DECAPSULATION IN THE OSI MODEL

 One important piece of information to keep in mind is that data flows 2 ways in the OSI model, DOWN (data encapsulation) and UP (data decapsulation).

DATA ENCAPSULATION

 

Explanation:

The computer in the above picture needs to send some data to another computer. The Application layer is where the user interface exists, here the user interacts with the application he or she is using, then this data is passed to the Presentation layer and then to the Session layer. These three layer add some extra information to the original data that came from the user and then passes it to the Transport layer. Here the data is broken into smaller pieces (one piece at a time transmitted) and the TCP header is a added. At this point, the data at the Transport layer is called a segment.

Each segment is sequenced so the data stream can be put back together on the receiving side exactly as transmitted. Each segment is then handed to the Network layer for network addressing (logical addressing) and routing through the internet network. At the Network layer, we call the data (which includes at this point the transport header and the upper layer information) a packet.

The Network layer add its IP header and then sends it off to the Datalink layer. Here we call the data (which includes the Network layer header, Transport layer header and upper layer information) a frame. The Datalink layer is responsible for taking packets from the Network layer and placing them on the network medium (cable). The Datalink layer encapsulates each packet in a frame which contains the hardware address (MAC) of the source and destination computer (host) and the LLC information which identifies to which protocol in the prevoius layer (Network layer) the packet should be passed when it arrives to its destination. Also, at the end, you will notice the FCS field which is the Frame Check Sequence. This is used for error checking and is also added at the end by the Datalink layer.

If the destination computer is on a remote network, then the frame is sent to the router or gateway to be routed to the desination. To put this frame on the network, it must be put into a digital signal. Since a frame is really a logical group of 1's and 0's, the Physical layer is responsible for encapsulating these digits into a digital signal which is read by devices on the same local network.

There are also a few 1's and 0's put at the begining of the frame, only so the receiving end can synchronize with the digital signal it will be receiving.

Below is a picture of what happens when the data is received at the destination computer.

DATA DECAPSULATION

 

 

 Explanation

The receiving computer will firstly synchronize with the digital signal by reading the few extra 1's and 0's as mentioned above. Once the synchonization is complete and it receives the whole frame and passes it to the layer above it which is the Datalink layer.

The Datalink layer will do a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) on the frame. This is a computation which the comupter does and if the result it gets matches the value in the FCS field, then it assumes that the frame has been received without any errors. Once that's out of the way, the Datalink layer will strip off any information or header which was put on by the remote system's Datalink layer and pass the rest (now we are moving from the Datalink layer to the Network layer, so we call the data a packet) to the above layer which is the Network layer.

At the Network layer the IP address is checked and if it matches (with the machine's own IP address) then the Network layer header, or IP header if you like, is stripped off from the packet and the rest is passed to the above layer which is the Transport layer. Here the rest of the data is now called a segment.

The segment is processed at the Transport layer, which rebuilds the data stream (at this level on the sender's computer it was actually split into pieces so they can be transferred) and acknowledges to the transmitting computer that it received each piece. It is obvious that since we are sending an ACK back to the sender from this layer that we are using TCP and not UDP. Please refer to the Protocols section for more clarification. After all that, it then happily hands the data stream to the upper-layer application.

You will find that when analysing the way data travels from one computer to another most people never analyse in detail any layers above the Transport layer. This is because the whole process of getting data from one computer to another involves usually layers 1 to 4 (Physical to Transport) or layer 5 (Session) at the most, depending on the type of data.

Albert Einstein

Biography of albert einstein

Albert Einstein's Biography

Early life and education

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg
in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.His father was Hermann Einstein,
a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch).
In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle
founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that
manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.
Marriages and children
Einstein and Maric married in January 1903. In May 1904,
the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein,
was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was
born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914,Einstein moved to Berlin,
while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons.They divorced
on 14 February 1919,having lived apart for five years.Einstein
married Elsa Löwenthal on 2 June 1919, after having had a
relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin
maternallyand his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they
emigrated to the United States. In 1935,Elsa Einstein was
diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December 1936
Scientific career

• Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics
• General principles
• Theory of relativity and E = mc²
• Photons and energy quanta
• Quantized atomic vibrations
• Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables
• Wave–particle duality
• Theory of critical opalescence
• Zero-point energy
• General relativity and the equivalence principle
• Modern quantum theory
• Bose–Einstein statistics
• Energy momentum pseudotensor
• Unified field theory
• Einstein–Cartan theory
• Equations of motion
• Cosmology

E=mc² Awards and honors Einstein received numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics




Born: 14 March 1879, Ulm, Germany
Died: 18 April 1955, Princeton, NJ, USA

 This show that transition of 3G to 4G

Anyone who’s been in the market for a new smartphone recently isn’t just spoilt for choice when it comes to awesome Android handsets, but there’s an ever growing range of data packages and network types to choose from as well.
Of course, you’re likely familiar with the older 3G standard, but newer handsets are often listed with a variety of “next generation” communication technologies, advertised as 4G, LTE, and sometimes 4G LTE. While that may make them appear virtually identical on the store shelves, there are actually some drastic differences between the technology advertised and the actual 4G mobile communication standard.

The 4G standard

All the way back in March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio (ITU-R) decided on a set of specifications for its new 4G standard. The ITU-R is the United Nation’s official agency for all manner of information and communication technologies, and aims to help promote and regulate various communication standards across nations.
The ITU-R decided upon a set of requirements for bandwidth, spectral efficiency, and a load of other technical points, for future 4G networks. But the most important point for us users is the peak download speeds, which are defined as 100 Mbit/s for high mobility devices, such as mobile data speeds on your smartphone while driving in car, and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility local wireless access. To put that in some perspective, typical current download speeds are often in the range of 10Mbit/s, while 4G should offer 100 times faster downloads at a rate of 1Gbit/s.

It’s a long road, but faster data speeds are heading our way. True 4G could offer data speeds more than 10 times the current LTE download speeds.

That sounds great, but the ITU-R doesn’t have any control over implementation. As such, “first generation” 4G technologies, such as LTE or Mobile WiMAX, have been criticized for not matching up to the full specification. The reason for this is that other groups, such as 3GPP or IEEE, who work closely with the technology companies responsible for delivering the hardware, had already coordinated next-gen technologies with their members.

LTE-Advanced, the true 4G

It wasn’t until October 2010 that the ITU-R completed an assessment of six candidates to be considered true 4G technologies. After much deliberation, LTE-Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced were designated IMT-Advanced compliant technologies, and the age of real 4G began. LTE-Advanced is the technology that we are going to see in western markets, so here’s a little rundown of what makes LTE-A so special.
Firstly, it’s important to know that LTE-A isn’t just about handset download speeds, there’s a big push to make improvements to infrastructure in order to achieve these high download rates. LTE-A aims to improve data speeds by using a mix of traditional macro cells and vastly improved small cells. The aim is to offer better high speed coverage at the network’s edge and more bandwidth, but the transmitters will have to function on different frequency bands in order to avoid interference.

The big buzzword with LTE-A is carrier aggregation, which will allow receiving handsets to make better use of these fragmented bands, in order to downloaded data faster. The LTE-A standard supports up to 5 carriers and up to 100MHz, which will enable download speeds of over 1Gbit/s. However, launch will only support the aggregation of two 10 MHz carriers, enabling peak data rates of 150 Mbit/s. The final important feature is the use of multi-antenna techniques (MIMO) and Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) to provide more capacity and more consistent data rates across cell boundaries. In other words, you will be able to maintain a more consistant download rate as you move in and out of the range of transmitters.
However, under pressure from 3GPP and IEEE, HSPA+,WiMAX and LTE were also allowed to be labelled as 4G technologies despite not offering these features, as many companies had already begun investing in these networks during the two and a half year deliberation.

4G imposters

This has left the consumer market in a bit of a mess, allowing carriers to offer a variety of different “4G” plans for many years, despite none of them having a network which meets the official requirements. Let’s breakdown some of the technologies currently being offered as 4G, and why they don’t match up to the ITU-R standard.

A quick comparison of the theoretical and real world implementations of current and future network technologies. All “4G” products currently on the market are considered “pre-4G”. Source: Tech Spot

WiMAX
US consumers may remember that Sprint was the first to the “4G” market with its WiMAX technology. However this was only ever built to offer customers around 3-6Mbit/s download speeds and upload speeds of just 1 to 1.5Mbit/s, and was rightly shunned by disappointed consumers.
WiMAX fails to deliver even 1% of the theoretical peak download speed of the 4G standard created by the ITU-R. Fortunately, Sprint is phasing out WiMAX support in favour of its new LTE network.
HSPA+
HSPA+ is the pinnacle of current 3G technology, offering a theoretical 168Mbit/s downlink speed. In reality most HSPA+ coverage is only capable of 21Mbit/s, with some areas being upgraded to 42Mbit/s and occasionally even 84Mbit/s. But even the fastest implementation of HSPA+ is a long way behind the 1Gbit/s download speed required to be considered a real 4G network. But this hasn’t stopped a number of US carriers from advertising HSPA+ as 4G.
T-Mobile was one of the first companies to falsely advertise its HSPA+ network as 4G, and AT&T followed suit shortly after. Arguably AT&T is even worse, as its network started out with capabilities peaking at 14.4Mbit/s download and 5.8Mbit/s upload speeds, which is ridiculously slow for a 4G network. Users in the UK, and some other countries, will probably have noticed that some carriers actually offer HSPA+ as part of their 3G network packages. So it seems that US consumers are being sold and overcharged to use a slower network under the guise of a next generation technology.
HSPA+ vs. LTE here.
LTE
More recently, carriers have begun to offer LTE options that can theoretically offer a 100 Mbit/s download speed for mobile devices. Coverage currently varies depending on your carrier and real world data speeds are often nowhere this theoretical maximum, and are often reported to only be a tad faster than HSPA+.

It takes a long time to upgrade an entire network, but LTE is slowing making its way across the US. Source: US Cellular

To be a little more specific about the other shortcomings of LTE, other than the lack of download speed, it’s also lacking in uplink spectral efficiency and speed, and it falls short of the true 4G capacity of 3.7 bps/Hz/cell, mainly due to the lack of carrier aggregation and multi-antenna techniques, which will enable higher speeds. LTE is a stopgap solution before the real 4G experience reaches us with the rollout of LTE-A.

Carrier marketing

If all these different technologies weren’t confusing enough, carriers have been all too keen to exploit the 4G marketing term to consumers who are seeking faster data speeds. Other than offering network types which aren’t capable of true 4G speeds, carriers are beginning to offer compromised 4G packages as they transfer their existing networks over to LTE. Take a look at AT&T’s current 4G marketing, which claims to offer users “fast 4G speeds on both the HSPA+ network and on the LTE network”.

Based on this advertisement, you’d assume that LTE was 2.5 times as fast as HSPA+, but the reality is often disappointing.

We already know that HSPA+ is not fast enough to be considered true 4G, and the LTE coverage areas are also surprisingly small. Despite the PR talk, this “smarter” network essentially means that you’ll be dropping down to the slightly older HSPA+ network when out of range of the LTE network, and the small print even states that 4G speeds aren’t available everywhere either. That doesn’t sound like anything promised by true 4G or LTE-A.
Fortunately companies openly offer information on their network coverage, so it’s always worth checking out exactly what coverage and speed you’ll receive in your area before deciding on a 4G contract.

When can we use “true 4G”?

The bottom line is that technically, no company yet offers a true 4G experience for consumers, but LTE-A and WM-A aren’t too far away. Having said that, current LTE data plans are a step above the older 3G networks and the pre-4G connections, and is definitely what you should look out for if you’re planning to get a device with a fast, premium mobile data experience.
The technology is only going to improve with time and, because LTE and LTE-A are fully compatible, you won’t lose out when companies finish upgrading their networks.
If you’re planning on waiting for a full 4G experience, you will need a compatible handset to achieve the full speed. A good example of this is the Korean version of the Galaxy Note 3, which makes use of the built in LTE-A modem in the Snapdragon 800 chip. LTE-A is scheduled to start rolling out in the US at some point this year.

ANGALIA PICHA ZA WASANII MBALIMBALI  WA BONGO KWENYE TAMASHA LA FIESTA JIJINI MWAZA